Glossary of Drug Discovery and Development Terms
JTopJunk DNAA term used to refer to stretches of DNA within the genome that do not encode genes and are likely to play a structural, regulatory, or undefined role. HTopHairpinA structure in which adjacent segments of DNA or RNA fold together and are stabilized by base pairing, creating a loop of single-strand DNA or RNA.Hairy root cultureA plant culture system based on highly branched roots generated by plant tissue with agrobacterium rhizogenes
Cellular Respiration
Because there are a number of enzymes and steps involved in forming porphyrin rings, there are a number of possible points in the process where genetic defects could occur. Out of many possible types of fermentation processes, two of the most common types are lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation (other types of fermentation such as methanol fermentation and acetone fermentation also exist)
cells - Vocabulary List : Vocabulary.com
amino acid organic compounds containing an amino group and acid group Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules are used to add amino acids during protein translation. fungus an organism of the kingdom Fungi lacking chlorophyll and feeding on organic matter; ranging from unicellular or multicellular organisms to spore-bearing syncytia Some eukaryote cells (plant cells and fungi cells) also have a cell wall; Inside the cell is the cytoplasmic region that contains the cell genome (DNA) and ribosomes and various sorts of inclusions
The light reactions use the solar power of photons absorbed by both photosystem I and photosystem II to provide chemical energy in the form of ATP and reducing power in the form of the electrons carried by NADPH. The only photons that a molecule can absorb are those whose energy matches exactly the energy difference between the ground state and excited state of this electron
During this process, electrons are shuttled through an iron-containing cytochrome enzyme system along membranes of the cristae which result in the phosphorylation of ADP (adenosine diphosphate) to form ATP (adenosine triphosphate). In fact, chloroplast DNA, including the protein-coding RBCL gene, is often used at the family level to show the relationships between genera and species within plant families
Which of the following statements correctly describes this polarity? A) Transport vesicles fuse with one side of the Golgi and leave from the opposite side. What eukaryotic organelles or features might have evolved as a part of, or as an elaboration of, the endomembrane system? A) plasma membrane B) chloroplasts C) mitochondria D) nuclear envelope E) none of theseAnswer: D41A cell has the following molecules and structures: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria
ATP: The Perfect Energy Currency for the Cell
Plants can also produce ATP in this manner in their mitochondria but plants can also produce ATP by using the energy of sunlight in chloroplasts as discussed later. Now that scientists understand how some of these highly organized molecules function and why they are required for life, their origin must be explained
Human Physiology - Cell structure and function
This attachment of a phosphate group to the carrier molecule causes a conformational change in (or a change in the shape of ) the protein so that a channel opens between the inside and outside of the cell membrane. Then, on the inside of the cell, ATP (Adenosine TriPhosphate) binds to another site on the carrier and phosphorylates (adds one of its phospate groups, or -PO4, to) one of the amino acids that is part of the carrier molecule
Endosymbiosis and The Origin of Eukaryotes
However, a growing body of evidence indicates that the chloroplasts of some algae have not been derived by engulfing cyanobacteria in a primary endosymbiosis like those discussed above, but by engulfing photosynthetic eukaryotes. Over time, the nucleus was lost (no residual nucleomorph) as well as many features of the chloroplast (including its ability to perform photosynthesis)
Plants can also produce ATP in this manner in their mitochondria but plants can also produce ATP by using the energy of sunlight in chloroplasts as discussed later. Now that scientists understand how some of these highly organized molecules function and why they are required for life, their origin must be explained
The glycocalyx is involved in protection and cell recognition, and antigens such as the ABO antigens on blood cells are usually cell-surface glycoproteins. Water molecules can diffuse freely across a membrane, but always down their concentration gradient, so water therefore diffuses from a dilute to a concentrated solution
Garland Science - Chapter 14: Energy Generation in Mitochondria and Chloroplasts - Multiple Choice Quiz
A proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane Question 41.Which photosystem is able to boost electrons to the very high energy level needed to make NADPH from NADP+? A. N2 Question 49.What electron acceptor allows an organism to completely break down organic molecules into CO2 and H2O and thereby release a large amount of energy that can be harnessed by the cell to do work? A
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