Cell Respiration: Introduction
Since most textbooks provide abundant details of the chemical reactions in respiration, this tutorial will focus on how the chemical energy in glucose is converted into ATP and where respiration occurs in the cell. Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as fuels in cellular respiration, but glucose is most commonly used as an example to examine the reactions and pathways involved
How is ATP produced and used in living organisms? - A-Level Science - Marked by Teachers.com
Results: Colour of spot Pigment Distance travelled by spot from base line (cm) Distance travelled by solvent (cm) Rf value : Yellow Carotene 6.1 6.2 0.98 Yellow-grey Phaeophytin 4.7 6.2 0.75 Yellow-brown Xantophyll 4.2 6.2 0.67 Blue-green Chlorophyll a 3.3 6.2 To investigate how much energy (Kj) is stored in different types of peanuts and ... (17) Acetylcholine is involved in delivering signals from your brain to your muscles; it also controls energy levels, breathing, cardiac rhythm and oversees the flow of information in your brain playing a vital role in learning and memory
Oxidation of NADH yields 3 ATP molecules(P: O ratio 3, Latest concept 2.5) Oxidation of FADH2 yields 2 ATP molecules (P: O ratio 2, Latest concept 1.5) Inhibition of Oxidative phosphorylation Oxidative phosphorylation is susceptible to inhibition at all stages of the process. Figure-4- ADP moves in to the mitochondrial matrix and newly synthesized ATP is transported out in to the cytoplasm to be used for cellular processes D) Uncouplers of Oxidative phosphorylation The tight coupling of electron transport and phosphorylation in mitochondria can be disrupted (uncoupled) by agents called uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation
Mitochondrial DNA - Genetics Home Reference
Leigh syndrome Mutations in one of several different mitochondrial genes can cause Leigh syndrome, which is a progressive brain disorder that usually appears in infancy or early childhood. Is there a standard way to diagram mitochondrial DNA? Mitochondrial DNA is typically diagrammed as a circular structure with genes and regulatory regions labeled
Xenobiotic metabolism a series of enzymatic reactions that convert a foreign chemical compound into an inert substance that can be safely excreted from the body. HDL-cholesterol is considered "good cholesterol," because higher blood levels of HDL-cholesterol are associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease
There are two reasons why energy from the oxidation of glucose is not used directly to drive chemical reactions in the cell: the hydrolysis of ATP releases small amounts of energy compared to the oxidation of glucose, and in a controlled way energy is released instantaneously from the hydrolysis of ATP, but the oxidation of glucose takes time Oxidation and reduction The types of chemical reactions called oxidation and reduction lie at the heart of respiration. This reaction requires phosphoric acid and energy gained from the reduction of NAD+ (oxidised form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) to NADH (reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
One important metabolite that helps to turn off the coordinated feed forward system is citrate, which acts allosterically to deactivate PFK, the major control point of glycolysis. The configuration of each of the binding sites can be switched to the other with concomitant conversion of the remaining sites to alternate conformations
Mitochondrial Functions, Oxidative Phosphorylation and Biological Oxidations
Monooxygenase complexes play a key role in detoxifying drugs and other compounds (e.g., PCBs and dioxin) and in the normal metabolism of steroids, fatty acids and fat soluble vitamins. However, direct chemical analysis has shown that for every 2 electrons transferred from NADH to oxygen, 2.5 equivalents of ATP are synthesized and 1.5 for FADH2
But in substrate phosphorylation there is a direct transfer of phosphate group to Adenosine diphosphate to give adenoisine triphosphate and there is no direct transfer of phosphate group in oxidative phosphorylation. In one reaction electron transfer from electron donor to acceptor takes place which is exergonic process.The energy released in the above process is used to synthesis ATP from ADP which is endergonic process
Oxidative Phosphorylation - Biology Encyclopedia - cells, body, human, process, system, different, cycle, used
As protons move down their concentration gradient, from the intermembrane space back to the matrix, the energy they release is used by the ATP synthase complex to phosphorylate ADP. Because one of the three sites that pump protons across the membrane, complex I, is bypassed by the electrons from FADH 2 , these electrons can ultimately produce only two molecules of ATP whereas those donated by NADH can produce three
Numbers have been rounded to two significant figures because, considering possible systematic errors, it is appropriate, and standard deviations are omitted because the degree of reproducibility does not reflect absolute accuracy
The enzymes and catalytic carriers that channel these flows in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and microorganisms are so organised that there is a variable degree of coupling between them. It will be desirable to compare the relative merits of the orthodox chemical coupling hypothesis with the chemiosmotic coupling hypothesis; and to facilitate this comparison we shall begin by considering the former in a suitable idiom.1.2
Oxidative Phosphorylation biology Animation
In eukaryotes these redox reactions are carried out by a series of protein complexes within mitochondria, whereas in prokaryotes, these proteins are located in the cells' inner membranes. Although the many forms of life on Earth utilize a range of different nutrients, almost all carry out oxidative phosphorylation to produce ATP, the molecule that supplies energy to metabolism
How many ATP molecules are produced by one molecule of glucose
The formation of ATP from ADP requires energy, thus ATP can be synthesized through the energy released by the splitting of a higher-energy phosphate molecule. Some high-energy phosphate molecules have a lower free energy of hydrolysis than ATP, meaning more energy is released by the removal of a phosphate group
Oxidative Phosphorylation: The Basics
This force just means that the protons on the outside are attracted to the electrons on the inside, so much so that they want to diffuse (move) through the inner membrane. Steps:Oxidative Phosphorylation is essentially an extension of the electron transport chain (ETC) of the mitochondria, occuring in a new protein complex, complex V
Oxidative Phosphorylation - Biochemistry - NCBI Bookshelf
Oxidative phosphorylation is the process in which ATP is formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH 2 to O 2 by a series of electron carriers. Oxidative phosphorylation is the culmination of a series of energy transformations that are called cellular respiration or simply respiration in their entirety
BC Online: 8C - ATP and Ox-Phos Reactions
The DGo for hydrolysis of ATP is dependent on the divalent ion concentration and pH, which affect the the stabilization and the magnitude of the charge states of the reactants and products. The charge density on the reactants is greater than that of the products Theoretical studies show that the products are more hydrated than the reactants
and the Electron Transport chain yield? Toothguy80, 06.28.07, in forum: DAT Discussions Replies: 3 Views: 2,168 dentz 07.01.07 how many electron transport chains in mitochondrion? 113zami, 05.31.08, in forum: DAT Discussions Replies: 8 Views: 1,762 bigstix808 06.01.08 How many total ATP produced? Sea of ASH, 06.09.08, in forum: DAT Discussions Replies: 8 Views: 1,785 Sea of ASH 06.10.08 Electron transport chain themrn, 06.20.13, in forum: DAT Discussions Replies: 5 Views: 607 themrn 06.21.13 Loading... doc3232 Joined: 02.15.08 Messages: 3,811 Status: Dental Student Not to confuse even more, but some books say only 2.5 ATP are made from NADH and 1.5 ATP from FADH2...I think Princeton does this
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