Immune response: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia
Examples of innate immunity include:Cough reflex Enzymes in tears and skin oils Mucus, which traps bacteria and small particles Skin Stomach acidInnate immunity also comes in a protein chemical form, called innate humoral immunity. As lymphocytes develop, they normally learn to tell the difference between your own body tissues and substances that are not normally found in your body
Cathepsin B as a Cancer Target
Later, the research group of Sloane, et al., found that more than one promoter could direct expression of human cathepsin B as shown by multiple transcript species that were detected in their studies. RNAi-mediated abrogation of cathepsin B and MMP-9 gene expression in a malignant meningioma cell line leads to decreased tumor growth, invasion and angiogenesis
Their distinctive features are: A large central vacuole (enclosed by a membrane, the tonoplast ), which maintains the cell's turgor and controls movement of molecules between the cytosol and sapPowerPoint Presentation: A primary cell wall containing cellulose , hemicellulose and pectin , deposited by the protoplast on the outside of the cell membrane Chloroplasts that contain chlorophyll , the pigment that gives plants their green color and allows them to perform photosynthesis Higher plants, including conifers and flowering plants lack the flagella and centrioles that are present in animal cells . This leads to growth in multicellular organisms (the growth of tissue ) and to procreation ( vegetative reproduction ) in unicellular organisms .PowerPoint Presentation: Prokaryotic cells divide by binary fission
Cell Membrane Functions
In endocytosis, the plasma membrane creates a small depression (pseudopodium), into which the materials to be transported are gathered, to form a vesicle. Back to top What Does a Cell Membrane Do? Anchors the Cytoskeleton: In short, a cell membrane works as an enclosure for the internal organelles and protect them
The electron transport system transfers protons from the inner compartment to the outer; as the protons flow back to the inner compartment, the energy of their movement is used to add phosphate to ADP, forming ATP. Water flows across the respiratory surface of the gill in one direction while blood flows in the other direction through the blood vessels on the other side of the surface
Cell Biology 05: The Cytoskeleton Part I: Actin
Because the cytoskeleton is modular, consisting of polymers of individual proteins, it can expand or contract to change cell shape, move and respond to stimuli. Actin microfilament formation is portrayed in the Inner Life of the Cell video, although it is perhaps my least favorite part of this really awesome video
Glossary - Inside the Cell - National Institute of General Medical Sciences
In telophase, nuclear membranes form around each of the two sets of chromosomes, the chromosomes begin to spread out, and the spindle begins to break down. Crossing over A process that occurs during meiosis in which chromosome partners, one inherited from each parent, physically swap sections with one another
Animal Cell Mitosis
Some mitotic spindle fibers elongate from the centrosomes and attach to kinetochores, protein bundles at the centromere region on the chromosomes where sister chromatids are joined
Interactive Eukaryotic Cell Model
Smooth ER plays different functions depending on the specific cell type including lipid and steroid hormone synthesis, breakdown of lipid-soluble toxins in liver cells, and control of calcium release in muscle cell contraction. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum: Throughout the eukaryotic cell, especially those responsible for the production of hormones and other secretory products, is a vast network of membrane-bound vesicles and tubules called the endoplasmic reticulum, or ER for short
Chapter 1: An Owner's Guide to the Cell: Inside the Cell - National Institute of General Medical Sciences
Because many microorganisms have developed resistance to these medicines, we urgently need new antibiotics to replace those that are no longer effective in fighting disease. Researchers are discovering that the different mitochondrial shapes accompany changes in cellular needs, such as when growing cells mature into specific types or when a cell responds to disease
The Cytoskeleton
(photo at right) In the photo (courtesy of Mary Osborn), a fluorescent stain has been used to show the intermediate filaments of keratin in two epithelial cells. Microtubule motors There are two major groups of microtubule motors: kinesins (most of these move toward the plus end of the microtubules) and dyneins (which move toward the minus end)
The animal kingdom is unique among eukaryotic organisms because most animal tissues are bound together in an extracellular matrix by a triple helix of protein known as collagen. The process of cell fractionation enables the scientist to prepare specific components, the mitochondria for example, in large quantities for investigations of their composition and functions
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